Sepsis

By: Viroth Prak

Sepsis

BASICS

DESCRIPTION:

The systemic response to infection; it encompasses a broad array of clinical manifestations and overlaps with inflammatory reactions to other clinical insults (e.g., severe trauma or burn)
  •Bacteremia: Bacteria in the blood; may have no accompanying symptoms
  •Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): inflammatory reaction to different clinical insults manifest by two of the following: (1) temperature >38°C or < 36°C, (2) heart rate > 90/min; (3) respiratory rate >20/min or PaCO2 < 32 mm Hg, and (4) WBC count > 12,000/mm3, < 4,000/mm3 or > 10% immature forms (bends)
  •Sepsis: SIRS with documented infection (typically bacterial)
  •Septic shock: Sepsis induced hypotension (systolic BP < 90 mmHg or ³ 40 mmHg drop from baseline) despite adequate fluid resuscitation plus hypoperfusion abnormalities (oliguria, lactic acidosis, acute change in mental status)
  •Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS): altered organ function in an acutely ill patient - requires intervention to maintain homeostasis.

Snake Bite

By: Google

Snake Bite

Background

The brown snake, found in Australia, belongs to the family of Elapidae and contains the following species:

• Pseudonaja guttata (speckled brown snake, shown in image below)Pseudonaja guttata (speckled brown snake).
• Pseudonaja textilis (common brown snake, also known as eastern brown snake, shown in image below)Pseudonaja textilis (eastern brown snake).
• Pseudonaja affinis (dugite)
• Pseudonaja nuchalis (western brown snake, shown in image below)Pseudonaja nuchalis (western brown snake).
• Pseudonaja inframacula (peninsula brown snake)
• Pseudonaja ingrami (Ingram's brown snake)
• Pseudonaja affinis tanneri (Tanner's brown snake)
• Pseudonaja modesta (ringed brown snake, shown in image below)Pseudonaja modesta (ringed brown snake).

Envenomation by P textilis, P nuchalis, P guttata, and P affinis has been documented, but little information is available about the toxic effects of the other species.
All of these snakes occur mainly in inland floodplains with deeply fissured soils. The snakes are active during cooler parts of the day, such as early morning and late afternoon. They exist in 5 different colors, have a highly flexible head, and can squeeze into narrow places. They feed on small animals but also can grip large prey. They may bite humans above the knee by raising their head from the ground and assuming an "S" shape when striking. Unless provoked, they are thought to be reluctant to attack humans.
Most of the literature describing the brown snake consists of case studies of people accidentally bitten and their clinical course. They have less effective dentition than other elapids and may leave little evidence of a puncture wound; however, their venom is readily diffusible and can rapidly enter the circulation.
These snakes are among the most venomous in the world. The common brown snake produces the second most toxic venom known and is the most common cause of snakebite death in Australia. Common to these species' venom are neurotoxins and hemotoxins.

Diarrhea, acute

BASICS

DESCRIPTION:

Diarrhea of abrupt onset in a healthy individual is most often related to an infectious process. A variety of symptoms are often observed, including frequent passage of loose or watery stools, fever, chills, anorexia, vomiting and malaise.
  •Acute viral diarrhea - the most common form, usually occurs for 1-3 days, and is self-limited. It causes changes in the small intestine cell morphology such as villous shortening and an increase in the number of crypt cells.
  •Bacterial diarrhea - may be suspected if there is a history of a similar and simultaneous illness in individuals who have shared contaminated food with the patient. Diarrhea developing within 12 hours of the meal is most likely due to ingestion of a preformed toxin.
  •Protozoal infections - such as Giardia lamblia cause prolonged, watery diarrhea that often afflicts travelers returning from endemic areas where the water supply has been contaminated.
  •Traveler's diarrhea - typically begins three to seven days after arrival in a foreign location and is generally quite acute

Breast cancer

Breast cancer

BASICS

DESCRIPTION:

Malignant neoplasm in the breast. Breast cancers are classified as noninvasive (in situ) or invasive (infiltrating) with approximately 70% of all breast cancers possessing a component of invasion.

Bronchiolitis

By: Google

Bronchiolitis

BASICS

DESCRIPTION:

Inflammation of the bronchioles, usually seen in young children, occasionally in high-risk adults. May be seasonal (winter and spring) and often occurs in epidemics. Usual course: insidious; acute; progressive.

Asthma

Asthma

BASICS
DESCRIPTION:
A disorder of the tracheobronchial tree characterized by mild to severe obstruction to airflow. Symptoms vary, generally episodic or paroxysmal, may be persistent. The clinical hallmark is wheezing, but cough may be the predominant symptom. Commonly misdiagnosed as recurrent pneumonia or chronic bronchitis.
  •Acute symptoms are characterized by narrowing of large and small airways due to spasm of bronchial smooth muscle, edema and inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, and production of mucus
  •Occurs in a setting in which asthma is likely and other, rarer conditions have been excluded

Meningitis, bacterial

By: Google.com.kh

Meningitis, bacterial

BASICS

DESCRIPTION:

Inflammation in response to bacterial infection of the pia-arachnoid and its fluid and the fluid of the ventricles. Meningitis is always cerebrospinal.